17(i).Obv.Within double rectangular frame enclosing dots bull standing l., (?) altar before feet Above and in front four symbols, including swastika. Those on the left are over part of the bulls Head, but are quite regular, and appear to be part of the design and not punched on afterwards
RevFaint frame as on Obv, as if showing through the metal, but it does not correspond with the frame on the obverse.
Size l.12 x 1.02in. ; Thickness: 0.098 in. Weight: 198.5 gr. Cast edges showing join of mould. Colo. Mus., 230 PI.16.

(ii).ObvAs (i), but no symbols and before bull a vase.
RevBlank , rough
Size; 0.70x 0.70 x o.059 in. Weight: 36.4 gr. Cast: Worn. Colombo Museum, 231

(iii).ObvAs 2, but apparently bowl with cover before bull.
RevSquare frame with large dots outside; within, a semicircle enclosing a small circle
Size; 0.72 x 0.78in. Weight 31.9 gr. Broken and worn; thinner than last, Colo. Mus, 232

(iv).ObvAs last ; altar or vase before bull
Size : .0.64 x 0.61 in. Weight: 10.9 gr full weight may have been from 17.5 to 18.6 grains. Broken and worn ; thinner than last; Colo Mus, 233.

The three following are from Vallipuram :-

(v).ObvWithin double rectangular frame enclosing dots bull standing right; before him flower vase.
Rev
Rev similar frame circle containing three dots
Size : 0.66 x 0.68 in. Weight : 43.8 gr Pieris, XIV, 16 Pl 17

(vi)The same, but bull standing l. Apparently once four dots, disposed in a cross
Size : 0.78 x 0.80 in. Weight: 38.3 gr, Thin Ib, XIV, 15

(vii).As last, but before bull vase. Presence of dots in circle doubtful
Size : 0.62 x 0.61 in. Weight :27.2 gr. Thin ; two corners missing.

Nos. (i) and (iv) were found at the Buddhist Rail site at Anuradhapura, where also eldlings, Maneless Lion, ,, and two Roman " third brass " of Arcadius or Honorius were excavated ; there is no evidence that these were all found together. Nos. (ii) and (iii) come from the Kiribat Vehera in the same city. These square coins are commonly called ”Kurumbar" in Ceylon, an attribution without foundation. A cast copper piece remarkably like our No. (i) is given in I.M.C., Vol. I p. 200, and is figured in Pl. XXII, 19 ; its diameter is 1.1 inch and weight 139.6 grains. It is unassigned, but classified as North Indian and "early" Cast rectangular coins with a bull on the obverse and a circular solar emblem on the reverse are assigned to Ayodhya and to a period between c, B.C. 150 and AD 100 ; they are, however, much smaller and of rough workmanship (I.M.C. I, PL XIX 13).
The thin coins, especially the three from Vallipuram, resemble in fabric the " Maneless Lion " pieces" which have four dots in a circle on the reverse. A similar thin coin was found at Kilakkarai in South India and in the collection of the Rev. J. E. Tracy of Tirumangalam ; its diameter was 0.66 inch.

18.Obv:-In line circle Maneless lion standing left or right.
Rev:-In similar circle four dots disposed in a cross.

(l). Anuradhapura:-
(a)Buddhist Rail, near "Abhayagiri, i,e, Jetavanarama Dagoba.
(b) "Abhayagiri" Dagoba platform.
(c) Do. Pilimage No. l.
(d) Do. building No. 28
(e)Building east of sacred road opposite Ruvanveli Dagoba
(f)Near Elala Sohona
(g)Kiribat Vehera.
(2) Tirukketisvaram (Prinsep's Montollee, i.e., Mantota).
(3) Near 1lth milestone, Mannar-Madawachchiya road.
(4) Kantarodai.
(5) Kadugannawa (one).

These coins have been styled " Pallava " or "Kurumbar " but, while comparatively the commonest of the older coins at Anuradhapura, they seem to be almost unknown in India, the only specimens found on the continent appearing to be that figured by Elliot and one in the collection of the Rev. .J. E. Tracy. They may well be Sinhalese, the dynastic emblem being the lion; if so, they may be of the third century A.D. That they were in use in the reign of Mahasen (AD:. 277-304 ; G. 325-352), who built Jetavanarama, the so-called Abhayagiri Dagoba, is proved by the finds in the interior [Seven feet below pavement level, and under a slab inside the dagoba, was found a small copper coin with an animal (? s horse),like those figured by Elliot, Pl. II, 55, 58 (Ancient Ceylon, p. 310). This is almost certainly a "Maneless Lion " coin ] and on the platform of that structure, as well as at the pilimge. This king " built with in the boundaries of the Maha Vihara, in the garden called Joti, the Jetavana Vihara " (Geiger's Mhv., XXXVII{, 33) ;the finding of earlier coins at the Buddhist Rail site is thus explained, while the Kiribat Vehera, in which " Maneless Lion" coins as well as those of the rectangular "Bull" type were found, was also disturbed in ancient times. Our coins cannot be much later in date than Mahasen's reign, as the Roman " third brass " must have flooded the country not long afterwards; none have been found at Sigiriya or Polonnaruwa.

19. Of the foregoing coins the "Buddhist Cakram " and the "Maneless lion" have been attributed to the Pandyans and the Sinhalese respectively. Of the remainder, the great majority have the railed swastika on the reverse. I am unable to trace this symbol on any continental coins, except on the Odumabara piece shown in Pl, IV, Fig. 2, of "Coins of Ancient India" where, however, an enclosure takes the place of the rail. It is found in Ceylon, lying on its side, in a Dambulla cave inscription of " Devanapiya Maharajasa Gamini Tisa," i.e., Saddha-Tissa, brother, of Dutugemunu, who reigned B.C. 137-119 (G. 77-59); and also in its normal position in the Gallena Vihare inscriptions of Tisa, son of Gamani Abaya, and of Tisa, son of Devanapiya Maharajasa Gamini Abhaya, i.e., Valagam Bahu, BC. 104 and 88-76 (G. 43 and 28-16). In one case a horizontal line connects the tops of the two inner posts of the railing. Ail these coins, therefore, may be assigned provisionally to Ceylon; none are recorded to have been found in India, though pieces with the Tree type obverse, but with different reverse are said to have been found on both sides of the Vaigai and Tambraparni rivers in the Pandyan country.

The large circular " Elephant and Swastika" coins may be compared with the silver and copper pieces of the Kunindas (I.M.C., l, Pl. XX, 11, 12) of the second century BC., and, judging from general considerations of design may have been issued before the Christian era. The majority of the "Tree and Swastika" pieces have a more modern appearance, but may be presumed to be earlier than the " Maneless Lion " type ; the latest probably No. 2. The contemporaneous use of rectangular and circular coins is found as late as the fourth century under the Western Kshatrapas (C.C.A., p. 187).

20. The standard, on which the ancient copper coins were struck, is obscure. Comparatively, few coins are at the disposal of the student, and too much reliance cannot be placed on the weight of any particular piece owing to oxidization and the friable nature of the metal. The mode of manufacture probably was very primitive as is still the case in certain of the native States of India. It seems quite possible that, as with the Roman bronze to copper coins were struck at so many to the tula, and that, provided the required number was produced, little attention was paid to the exact weight of individual coins (cf the two Dharmmarajah coins in Chap. VII, sect, l4, No. 1). This undoubtedly was the case with the local Dutch issues, and, coupled with crude methods of work, would seem to explain satisfactorily the extreme variations of what was apparently intended for one and the same coin ; for example, the large " Elephant and Swastika " and Pandyan pieces. In the case of the latter, it is most unlikely that coins Nos. 2 and 3, almost identical in size, were current for different values; at the same time No 6 though smaller, is their intermediate in weight. All are in good condition. Assuming that all three were intended for pieces of the same denomination and restoring their full weights by computation of the portions missing to about 224.5, 139.5, and 125.5 grains, respectively, we obtain an average of about 172 grains, which must represent the karsha or kaisu, Its quarter, the half kalanju, is a common unit of the older coinage, and seems to have been continued into the early medieval period (Chap. VII, sects. 1,10,12,14) ; as a coin standard. Perhaps it may have its origin in the worn eldling as current in the South. If the above solution is correct, the large, “ Elephant and Swastika" coins will be pieces of one Sinhalese huna or three kalanjus. The values work out thus :

the manjadi averaging 4.3 grains.

Cunningham's ratio of 50 to I for copper and pure silver (Num. Chron.1873, pp. 198,216) gives one mashaka of alloyed eldling silver as the equivalent of !44 grains of copper. The half dharana pieces, therefore may be kakanikas.

The chief "find" of cast plaques was unearthed in l9l7 at Alutwatta, in the town of Chilaw, at least 91 whole or damaged pieces, besides minor fragments, being discovered 2 ½ feet below the surface of the soil in a chatty. Before this date the only one of the type known were a very few found near the Thuparama and in the Kiribat Vehera at Anuradhapura. Similar plaques have also since been found at Vallipuram and Kantarodai in the Jaffna peninsula,

The shape is usually oblong but in the broader specimens is distinctly oval. The metal is brittle and flakes easily and there is a tendency to split at the junction of the moulds, as if the obverse and reverse had been cast separately and then soldered together-:The analysis of a small plaque weighing 21.5 grains, made at the instance of Mr. P. E. Pieris, yielded the following result :-

	..	..	Per cent
Lead			59.93
Copper			14.84
Silica			0.62
Iron			0.14
Nickel			A trace

The design on the obverse is in high relief, and represents the goddess Lakshmi clad in a broad girdle and wearing earrings, besides two bracelets on the upper arms and three to five on the forearms; on the legs below the knee are there to five rings, with wide anklets. She stands on large lotus, and with her hands, which are pendent, grasps two stalks of the same plant, usually springing from either side of the flower beneath her feet and ending about the level of the shoulders in a small blossom, up one each of which stands a small Elephant holding a water pot in his upturned trunk, the two trunks forming an arch over her head . Between the legs and the stalks are are minor lotus shoots variously depicted ; one sometimes ends in a bud. The whole is in an oblong frame, occasionally double at the top , slightly rounded at the corners, At a varying distance from this appears the edge of the enclosing space, which is sometimes barrel-shaped. For the figure of Lakshmi see J.R.A.S', 1914 p 402

On the reverse is a large railed swastika similar to that on the coins above described, revolving, except in one instance, to the right between two symbols. Beneath are three lines, the lowest of which is often curved upwards at either end, and sometimes reaches the extremities of the railing. No frame is visible. The symbols are

A.-symbol No. 4, in one case with a double line over it ; in some it-has a rounded bottom In one specimen there is no line across the symbol, but two lines over the top. In other it resembles that of the Karle inscription No 3; in a few it approaches that of No, 25 at Kuda, though the connecting lines are disjointed; while in some it is the same as symbol “C” on the reverse of the Elephant and swastika ,coins in variant (a). The normal form is that of the Junnar inscription No 12 (Report on the Buddhist cave Temples Archeological Survey of Ancient India, Vol IV)

B.-The Nandipada symbol, which also has many variations. The circle is usually separated from the triple fork by a horizontal line ; in a few this is absent, when the symbol is much the same as that in the Junnar inscription No 8. In some the horizontal line seems to be merged in the fork. The symbols should be compared with those on either side of the swastika on the large circular coins.

2. I -Swastika revolving to the right

(a}Symbols A to left, B to right .So 55 of 91 : in 7 the swastika on the reverse is placed in the opposite direction to the figure on obverse i.e. top to bottom (U). The sizes are the maxima..

Size	..	Weight
In In	..	Gr.	..
1.37 x 0.76	..	129.1	..	Fair ; slightly broken PL 20
1.29 x 0.66	..	120	..	Good ; complete.
1.33 x 0.68	..	113.2	..	Worn
1.31 x 0.62	..	105.1	..	Obv., fair ; rev. Poor
1.18 x0.53	..	94.5	..	Good
1.27 x 0.55	..	93.3	..	Worn ; edges worn.
1.29 x 0.59	..	89.7	..	Good ; slightly broken.
1.27 x 0.59	..	88.8	..	Fair ; rev. slightly flaked. Apparently chipped on one side
l.3l x 0.66	..	88.3	..	Obv., fair ; rev, worn ; slightly broken
1.24 x 0.62	..	87.3	..	Fair (U) ; edge broken
1.25 x 0..51	..	86.8	..	Fair
1.18 x .0.59	..	84.7	..	Obv., worn ; rev, fair ; slightly broken
1.31 x 0.53	..	84.5	..	Very good ; edges worn Pl 2I
1.20 x 0.61	..	83.5	..	Fair ; bottom broken just above feet
1.25 x 0.59	..	82.8	..	Poor.
1.31 x 0.72	..	81.3	..	Obv., very good ; rev., worn ; slightly broken (U)
1.24 x 0.59	..	80.8	..	Fair (U).
1.24 x 0.61	..	80.4	..	Obv., good ; rev., almost obliterated
1.22 x 0.74	..	67.2	..	Good ; edges broken

(b) B to left, A to right: 2U

1.29 x 0.61	..	119.5	..	Worn ; slightly broken
1,25 x 0.62	..	105.1	..	Obv,, good ; rev,, slightly worn ; somewhat barrel|-shaped
1.37 x 0.62	..	89.2	..	Worn ; flaked on Obv
1.35 x 0.57	..	88.8	..	Obv., worn ; rev., fair
1.25 x 0.62	..	86.4	..	Fair ; narrow at top (U )
I.12 x .0.64	..	83.5	..	Worn ; slightly broken
1.29 x 0.74	..	82.5	..	Obv., good ; rev., fair ; slightly broken and flaked
1.29 x 0.59	..	82	..	Obv., fair ; rev., worn ; edges somewhat worn
1.29 x 0.53	..	77.8	..	Fair.
l.20 x 0.55	..	76.8	..	Fair.
l.37 x 0.59	..	75.9	..	Worn; broken
1.25 x 0.61	..	74.8	..	Poor; narrow at top
1.31 x 0.62	..	74.4	..	Obv. poor ; rev., worn ; broken
1.27 x 0.59	..	14	..	Obv. fair ; rev., worn (U) ; symbol B upside down
1.27 x 0.57	..	72.8	..	Fair.
1.25 x 0.59	..	65.3	..	Very worn

(c) Position of Symbols doubtful ; all worn on reverse.

Size	..	Weight	..
In In	..	Grains.	..
1.37 x 0.66	..	124.8	..	Obv., worn ; rev., obliterated.
1.25 x 0.59	..	l18	..	Obv., poor ; rev,, obliterated
1.33 x 0.59	..	117.6	..	Obv., poor ; rev., obliterated ; narrow at bottom
1.27 x 0.61	..	107	..	Worn.
1.29 x 0.61	..	l0l	..	Obv,, good-
1.31 x 0.62	..	90.7	..	Obv., worn (U)
l.3l x . 0.64	..	84.9	..	Worn; barrel shaped
l.24 x 0.74	..	81.8	..	Worn ; rev., obliterated ; slightly broken
1.22 x 0.64	..	70	..	Obv., poor ; edges chipped

II -Swastika revolving to the left-
Symbols : B to left, A to right. Pl.22,

Size	..	Weight	..
In. In.	..	Gr.	..
1.27 x 0.55	..	74.4	..	Very good. Part of design off flan, and edges worn

3. As has been said, plaques of similar type have been found at Kantarodai ; the size, however, usually is small, and sometimes almost minute. On most the whole of the goddess appears, though part of the swastika is often off the flan. On two this symbol is placed lozenge-wise, while the standing figure is four square with the plaque. Below the swastika are usually four lines of varying length, two or more of which are often connected at the ends by short strokes. The lowest line is sometimes carried up at either end in a stroke. The original of this collection of lines, perhaps, may have been a caitya with a vertical line beneath, as on the reverse of the Elephant and Swastika coins. 4. III- Of type I (b) is one of the three plaques unearthed near the Thuparama (A.S Cat. 38); it measures 1:29 by 0.57 inch, and weighs 7l.1 grains; it is barrel-shaped and broken in half. With it were two others, considerably damaged (A.S. Cat, 39), and the following (ib., 40). This measures 0.64 by 0.49 inch, and weighs 4I.7 grains; it is thick and much worn, and may be cast. On the obverse is the standing figure with the feet missing; on the reverse is a dwarfed swastika, the part above the cross piece being either off the flan or broken away. The rail has six posts; beneath it are four lines, the upper two being joined at the sides. With the above was found the small circular coin described in section 12. A somewhat similar plaque was found in the Kiribat Vehera (ib.,42) Obv. : Standing figure as usual, but the place of each elephant appears to be taken by a group of dots. The figure is in high relief and fairly preserved. Rev:, Swastika revolving to left ; the railing apparently has six posts, but is much worn. To the right under the arm there seems to be a group of three dots, The symbols cannot be determined. Size : 0.86 by 0.41 in. Weight : 23.4 gr. Cast : a portion of the obverse has flaked off It was apparently this plaque that was found in company with three so-called " Pallava" coins at a depth of 28 feet from the surface (Still, J.R.A.S., CB8., Vol. XIX, No. 58, p.213). The two plaques described in this section seem to be intermediate between those of the Chilaw type and the following

Size	..	Weight	..
In. In.	..	Gr.	..
0.55 x 0.23	..	10.3	..	Slightly broken
0.53 x. 0.23	..	10.8	..
0.55 x 0.25	..	12.2	..	Swastika revolving to I : part of symbol 4-of C.C.A,, p, clxxv, to r
0.55 x. 0.23	..	13.9	..	As last ; fine condition
0.55 x .0.27	..	14.4	..	Swastika to r; perfect
0.55 x: 0.23	..	14.6	..	As last ; slightly broken
0.59 x .0.29	..	14.6	..	Slightly broken
0.59 x 0.25	..	18.7	..	Swastika to r; head of goddess off flan
0.72 x .0.19	..	18.7	..	(?) a part split off the side
0;57 x .0.27	..	18.9	..	-
0.55 x 0.25	..	19.4	..	-
0.59 x 0.31	..	20.4	..	Arch over head ; worn.
0.59 x 0.31	..	20.6	..	Swastika to right
0.66 x 0.17	..	20.6	..	Obv; good; broken
0.66 x 0.31	..	21.8	..	Swastika to r. ; fair
0.62 x 0.29	..	23.5	..	-
0.66 x 0.27	..	23.5	..	Very worn:
0.70 x 0.35	..	24.2	..	Broken and worn
0.66 x 0.39	..	26.1.	..	. Swastika to r.: worn
0.76 x 0.31	..	26.1	..	. Swastika to r. ; slightly broken
0.57 x 0.29	..	26.4	..	Rev., worn
0.64 x 0..39	..	30.7	..	Swastika to r. symbol to its r
0.70 x 0.37	..	32.l	..	do
0.68 x 0.37	..	32.4	..	Swastika to r. ; very worn
0.70 x 0,37	..	34.3	..
0.74 x 0.37	..	34.4	..	Worn
0.76 x 0.39	..	41.0	..	Swastika to r; symbol to its r
0.74 x 0.59	..	50.1	..	Rev., die placed lozenge-wise ; goddess complete and placed normally ; worn
0.78 x 0.62	..	76.0	..	Design as on last; slightly broken